It was bordered by the Mediterranean Sea on the north and the mountains on the south. These natural barriers protected the ancient Egyptians from the invading enemies, in addition to providing a source of livelihood.

The River Nile was crucial for life in ancient Egypt. It provided them with water for drinking and irrigational purposes. Narrow strip of land on either sides of river Nile was fertile and was ideal for cultivation of various crops. The fertility of the soil was mainly because of the silt deposited by the receding flood waters every year. The excess water in river Nile was due to the heavy rains and the melting snow in the mountains on the south, which would cause the Nile to overflow and eventually flood its banks.

Although, farming would not be possible during floods, the fields could be cultivated after the floods receded. The proximity of River Nile to the fields enabled the farmers to dig trenches from the river to their fields, ensuring adequate supply of water to their crops, at all times.In addition to enhancing the fertility of soil, the river also helped ferry the goods and people across long distances.

The deserts that bordered ancient Egypt were barren with sand dunes and mountains. Cultivation was not possible in these lands. However, they were rich source of mines containing gold and other semi-precious stones, which were used to make jewellery for the ancient Egyptians including the Pharaoh’s family.

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